Ferdinand and Isabella (1479–1516) put in place a dynastic state/foundation of empire.Ferdinand and Isabella: Unity and Purity of “Blood” and Religion.Monarchs and their states enshrined political power as masculine and familial.Effects of European state building in France, England, Spain, and the Dutch Republic visible by late seventeenth century (though religious and political structures varied).This was done by linking religious and national identities.Royal success also required subordinating religious authorities.Where the monarchs failed (Holy Roman Empire and Italy), no viable states emerged.Where early modern monarchs dominated aristocrats, strong dynastic states emerged. ![]()
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